Characterizing antibiotics in LCA—a review of current practices and proposed novel approaches for including resistance

Abstract Purpose With antibiotic resistance (ABR) portrayed as an increasing burden to human health, this study reviews how and what extent toxicological impacts from use are included in LCAs supplement with two novel approaches include ABR, a consequence of use, into the LCA framework. Methods We review available studies that deal aspects antibiotics evaluate these have been characterized. Then, we present for including ABR-related life cycle impact assessments (LCIAs). The first approach characterizes potential ABR enrichment environmental compartment mid-point indicator, based on minimum selective concentrations pathogenic bacteria. second attributes health endpoint indictor, using quantitative relationships between well-being. Results discussion Our findings show no date accounted related ABR. In response, our indicator could address by allowing be characterized compartments. also establish cause-effect pathways well-being generate results which comparable USEtox most assessment toxicology. Conclusions proposed methods currently overlooked environment captured within framework robust characterization methodology built around established model USEtox. Substantial amounts unavailable data are, however, needed calculate emissions environment, develop non-pathogenic bacteria, quantify AB use.